White blood cells or lymphocytes that are part of the immune system concerned with recognising and dealing with foreign or abnormal cells discovered in the body's tissues.

The most powerful natural estrogen. Produced by the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum in women, and (to a small extent) by the Sertoli cells in men. Also produced by fat cells (through conversion of testosterone) in older women, especially after the menopause.

The outermost layer of trophoblast, produced by cytotrophoblast where there is direct contact with maternal decidua rather than blood. The EVT cells travel into the decidua, reacting with NK cells and invading maternal blood vessels feeding the placenta, softening the walls and replacing the lining with fetal tissue, a process called "conversion". Also known as interstitial or intermediate trophoblast.

A test that displays the chromosome after relevant cells are grown in tissue culture. A normal female karyotype is designated 46,XX and a normal male karyotype 46,XY.

White blood cells or lymphocytes that form part of the 'innate' immune system capable of recognising foreign cells and dissolving them (hence their name: natural killer cells). Found normally, however, in the endometrium of the late secretory phase and in the decidua of pregnancy, where they have more friendly purposes in forming the boundary between mother and fetus. Unlike T cells and B cells, most NK cells do not have 'immunological memory', whereby previous contact with a particular antigen causes a faster, more deadly immune response second time round.

The component of the trophoblast bathed by maternal blood in the placenta (and thus covering the chorionic villi). Derived by differentiation and fusion of cytotrophoblast cells, so the syncytiotrophoblast only ever comprises just one cell (albeit with very many cell nuclei), through which almost everything reaching or leaving the embryo or fetus must pass. By the end of normal pregnancy, its area is about 12 square meters, or over 100 square feet. Most hormones and proteins produced by the placenta, such as progesterone, hCG and PAPP-A, come from it.