Abnormal conceptus in which there is coexistence of a hydatidiform mole with a fetus; caused by triploidy. Not as dangerous as a molar pregnancy without a fetus (see hydatidiform mole, complete), but medical follow-up is still necessary.

Complete or partial resistance to the action of androgens in the body's tissues. Prevents or limits the development of male characteristics in the developing fetus, resulting in intersex.

(CAH) Enlargement and abnormal function of the adrenal glands, usually from before birth, owing to a genetically determined, partial block in the production of cortisol, the adrenal glands' main hormone, resulting in overproduction of subsidiary hormones, including androgens, tending to virilise the female fetus, which can present at birth with intersex. In mild forms does not manifest until puberty, when the symptoms of oligomenorrhea and hirsutism mimic those of polycystic ovary syndrome. See also serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone.

Blockage of the outer, or fimbrial end of the fallopian tube, usually as a result of chronic salpingitis (but also sometimes from peritubal adhesions, from a salpingotomy or partial salpingectomy for a tubal pregnancy, or from fimbriectomy), resulting in its distension by watery contents. An untreated hydrosalpinx (even if only one tube is affected and the other tube is normal) can cause infertility and failure to conceive even with in vitro fertilisation.

(HSG) An x-ray of the endometrial cavity and the inside (the lumen) of the fallopian tubes, thus outlining them. Performed by injecting a fluid medium that blocks x-rays through the cervix, so that it first fills the endometrial cavity and then flows out along the tubes, finally casting shadows between the loops of intestine if the tubes are open. The test is uncomfortable or painful to have done, because of contractions of the uterus, which can be partially overcome by taking one of the same drugs that are used to overcome dysmenorrhea, namely the NSAIDs (I suggest taking 2 tablets or capsules 30 minutes before the test).

A partial confluence of stromal cells of the endometrium (lying between the endometrial glands), caused by prolonged exposure (10 days or more) to progesterone or a progestogen.

A nodular ('nodosa') thickening of the fallopian tube's isthmus ('isthmica'), probably due to previous salpingitis. Can cause localised obstruction of the tube and, if the obstruction is partial, an ectopic pregnancy can be caused. Overcomeable with microsurgery or tubal canalisation.

A state of 69 chromosomes, or three times the haploid number, most commonly caused by fertilisation of the egg with two sperm; the embryo that results can develop as far as a fetus, but is doomed to miscarry. The trophoblast of the placenta often undergoes partial changes of a hydatidiform mole. The noun form for this adjective is triploidy (the state of being triploid).

The combination of primary ovarian failure with constitutional (that is, genetically determined) shortness; often with other clinical abnormalities, including 'webbing' of the neck; an increased 'carrying angle' at the elbow; short fourth metatarsal (feet) and metacarpal (hand) bones (the bone within the hand that leads to the ring finger), and sometimes abnormalities of the heart and the thyroid gland. Associated with a karyotype that is 45,X (a monosomy, with one sex chromosome missing) or with partial loss ('deletion') of one of a pair of X-chromosomes. The single X-chromosome present can come from the mother or the father -- and, interestingly, it behaves differently: if it comes from the mother the girl is likely to be rather socially disruptive (the way little boys typically are), whereas if the X-chromosome comes from the father her behavior tends to be closer to normal for that of a girl!